Examples

• In the case in point, the use of discriminative tariffs between domestic and foreign airline companies was in itself an interference of the market by creating an undue advantage for the locals.
  وفي هذه الحالة المشار إليها، يشكل استخدام التعريفات التمييزية بين شركات الخطوط الجوية المحلية والأجنبية في حد ذاته تدخلاً في السوق بخلق ميزة للشركات المحلية بلا مبرر.
• These tariff peaks and tariff escalation discriminate directly against developing countries' exports and impede the diversification of developing countries supply side and must be eliminated.
  • إزالة أساليب اللامساواة من اتفاقية منظمة التجارة العالمية والتي تخص الزراعة بما في ذلك الإطار الإنمائي كما أعدته البلدان النامية،
• Unfair agricultural subsidies should be eliminated and high and escalating tariffs that discriminate against the products of the poor should be removed.
  وينبغي إزالة الإعانات الزراعية الجائرة، وينبغي أيضا إزالة التعريفات الجمركية العالية والمتصاعدة التي تميز ضد منتجات الفقراء.
• The links between climate change and trade are now the focus of joint work between UNEP and the World Trade Organization—not least the way import tariffs can discriminate against the widespread take-up of climate-friendly technologies and goods.
  ينصب الآن تركيز العمل المشترك بين برنامج الأمم المتحدة للبيئة ومنظمة التجارة العالمية على الروابط بين تغير المناخ والتجارة - وليس أقلّها الطرق التي يمكن أن تشكل فيها تعريفات الواردات تمييزاً في غير صالح انتشار الأخذ بالتكنولوجيات والسلع الملائمة للمناخ.
• The need to ensure that privatization does not merely transform public into private monopolies; Difficulties relating to vertical integration of incumbents, geographical market segmentation, and large fixed or sunk costs; Difficulties faced by oil-export-dependent developing countries in respect of the expansion of market power of exporting entities; Difficulties faced by developing countries with low purchasing power, where demand may be triggered by the market entry of a new supplier; The advocacy role of the competition authority in regulatory reform; The incorporation of competition policy principles into the design of utility regulation, including in respect of criteria for access to networks (such as transparency or non-discrimination), tariff-setting or remedies such as vertical or horizontal unbundling, and the effects of imposing access conditions aimed at discouraging “hit and run” entry; Possible conflicts between regulatory and competition principles; The respective merits and disadvantages of ex-ante industry-specific regulation of utilities and other sectors (such as financial services) as against the ex-post application of general competition law to such sectors to prevent abuses of dominant position; Factors which might be taken into account in this connection, such as the need to ensure both predictability of regulation and consistency and fairness in the application of competition laws across the economy; the need to encourage investment and to provide for universal service; convergence among different industries; the advantages of one-stop shopping for suppliers and customers; and the respective strengths and weaknesses of integrated as against separate administration of industry-specific technical and economic regulation and of competition controls, in the light of any specialized knowledge required, quality or coordination of decision-making, risks of regulatory capture, cost implications or likely adequacy of funding; The respective roles and mandates of, and the relationship between, competition authorities and regulatory bodies, including the potential for inconsistency, overlapping or concurrent jurisdiction, and the need to minimize uncertainty and ensure complementarity and coordination; Methods that might be used for this purpose, such as legal requirements for industry regulators to take competition concerns into account, maintenance of the competition authority's power to intervene, but with limitation of interventions to issues that are clearly competition-related; representation of the competition authority on the regulatory authority's board; memoranda of understanding between the two bodies; liaison meetings; or information exchange.
  (ك) الطرق التي يمكن استعمالها لتحقيق هذا الغرض، من قبيل الاشتراطات القانونية بالنسبة لرقباء الصناعة بمراعاة الهواجس المتعلقة بالمنافسة، والإبقاء على قدرة السلطة المعنية بالمنافسة على التدخل، ولكن مع حصر هذه التدخلات في القضايا التي تتصل بالمنافسة اتصالاً واضحاً، وتمثيل السلطة المعنية بالمنافسة في مجلس السلطة التنظيمية، ووضع مذكرات التفاهم بين هاتين الهيئتين، وعقد اجتماعات الاتصال، أو تبادل المعلومات.