Multilateral trade rules may sometimes have differential effects by gender.

Research and in-depth analysis of gender-differentiated effects of food insecurity

18.6.1.3.4 The following effects are differentiated:

Presently, these policies focus primarily on the market economy and therefore have differential effects on subsistence farmers and on men and women.

Integration into the multilateral trading system can also have a differential effect on the welfare of men and women in several ways.

Those studies should be pursued, with particular emphasis on the differential effects on young boys and girls, in order to truly understand the complexities of international migration.

Such differentiation could undermine effectiveness and should be avoided.

Diversification into higher-value-added commodities and processed products, as well as into activities such as labelling, design, packaging, product differentiation, effective service and prompt delivery, was seen as a crucial component of the development efforts of commodity-dependent countries.

(d) The international financial institutions should review programmes of economic restructuring to examine their gender-differentiated effects, recognizing the important role that the State must play in reducing inequality;

The differential effects of import liberalization and export promotion on women and men in terms of level of job security, earnings and employment conditions also need to be considered.