Throughout the book, Adib-Moghaddam clearly rejects the "market for Iranian pop studies" and the positivist idea on which they are based, that "Iran is simply there".

Yet from a positivist point of view it was correct to say that a late objection did not produce legal effects, and that could be reflected by rewording the draft guideline.

But some consider that the concept has a “subjective, evolving and even contingent nature that is in clear contradiction to universality”, while others believe that it endorses a reality of relations between States and thus that it “simply expresses a positivist prejudice”.

I therefore urge you to replace the sterile all-or-nothing approach with the virtues of openness to others, dialogue and compromise. Because, as was said quite rightly by Sir Alfred Jules Ayer, the English empiricist and positivist philosopher of the last century, progressivity can lead to globality, but the reverse is more troublesome.

Yet from a positivist point of view it was correct to say that a late objection did not produce the same legal effects as those produced by an objection formulated on time, and that could be reflected by rewording the draft guideline.

Among philosophers, the view that moral judgments stateobjective truths has been out of fashion since the 1930’s, whenlogical positivists asserted that, because there seems to be no wayof verifying the truth of moral judgments, they cannot be anythingother than expressions of our feelings or attitudes. So, forexample, when we say, “ You ought not to hit that child,” all we arereally doing is expressing our disapproval of your hitting thechild, or encouraging you to stop hitting the child.