Unbundling has occurred in numerous IS.

The EC is advocating full ownership unbundling as one solution to increase the effectiveness of unbundling.

The telecom sector has witnessed local loop unbundling.

Unbundling is a complex process: e.g. transitions from vertically integrated utilities to unbundled structures raise novel price risks between generators and distributors.

Changing technology and economic environments led to unbundling of different value chain segments and introduction of competition in unbundled markets with network elements remaining monopolistic.

In electricity, reforms have unbundled four main components: generation, transmission, distribution and retail.

In FS, unbundling allows customers to purchase specific FS from different suppliers.

The degree of unbundling remains lower in DCs. Infrastructure sharing offers new opportunities.

There is thus a trend towards reintegrating previously unbundled elements in energy supply chains.

Horizontal unbundling to create competitors may be considered even in the case of infrastructure concessions.