Development and use of new and harmonized methods for risk assessment, e.g. methods for assessment of risks to vulnerable groups, in particular children, pregnant and fertile women, and the elderly; new tools for risk assessment, making best use of (molecular) epidemiology, clinical and exposure data, and scientific advances in toxicogenomics; harmonized methods for risk assessment of carcinogens, mutagens, reproductive toxins, genotoxins and immunotoxins; and new risk assessment methods relevant to real-life exposures, e.g. aggregate/cumulative exposures, use of simple analytical methods for in-field exposure assessment.