He ain't a stayer, that one, Mr George.

Crucially, the study found that the relationship between returnees and “stayers” was not always smooth, even though the two groups needed to combine efforts to succeed.

That is, policies that favour returnees and do not offer equivalent support to “stayers” are bound to cause resentment and to be counterproductive.

Measures that benefit both returnees and “stayers” involved in businesses creation include reducing regulatory restrictions for private-sector ventures, facilitating access to credit and improving the quality of the workforce.

The visit to the camps of displaced persons, and talking to both the long-stayers and new arrivals revealed the support and hospitality that they enjoyed from the local government, the assistance provided to them by the United Nations and other members of the international community, and the very difficult circumstances that they had to endure in a terribly hot climate.

A number of concerns stem from these movements, such as reports of severe curtailing of the right to freedom of movement, including the right to leave the country; increased risks of smuggling and of trafficking in human beings, in particular women for the purposes of prostitution and/or forced marriages; violation of the fundamental principle of non-refoulement by countries of transit; reports of severe punishment in case of forced return to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea; restrictive policies applied by countries of transit, in particular, arrest and detention; no access to basic social and economic rights, no access to legal stay and related documentation (even for long-stayers) and prolonged exit procedures that severely impact the well-being of nationals of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea awaiting settlement in third countries.

Nevertheless, reported movements continue to raise a number of concerns: reports of severe curtailing of the right to freedom of movement, including the right to leave the country; increased risks of smuggling and of trafficking of human beings, in particular women for the purposes of prostitution and/or forced marriages; violation of the fundamental principle of non-refoulement by countries of transit; reports of severe punishment in cases of forced return to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea; restrictive policies applied by countries of transit, in particular arrest and detention; absence of access to basic social and economic rights, to legal stay and related documentation (even for long-stayers); no formal recording and/or documentation of vital events; limited possibilities to regularize the stay of children born of mixed parents (a national of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and a national of another country); and prolonged exit procedures that severely affect the well-being of nationals of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea awaiting settlement in third countries.

Such movements have given rise to a number of concerns: reports that the right to freedom of movement, including the right to leave the country, has been severely curtailed; an increased risk of smuggling and of trafficking in human beings, in particular women, for the purposes of prostitution and/or forced marriage; violations of the fundamental principle of non-refoulement by countries of transit; reports of severe punishment in case of forced return to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea; restrictive policies applied by countries of transit, in particular arrest and detention; lack of enjoyment of basic social and economic rights; lack of access to legal stay and related documentation (even for long-stayers); no formal recording and/or documentation of vital events; limited possibilities with respect to regularizing the stay of children born of mixed parents (one national of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and a national of another country); and prolonged exit procedures that have a severe impact on the well-being of nationals of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea awaiting settlement in third countries.