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• A much more inclusive interpretation has been that, in cases where many refugees are fleeing from situations of internal conflict and civil disorder, proof of persecution should not be required, and that a presumption of persecution should suffice for the 1951 Convention to be applicable to the candidate for refugee status (see D. J. Steinbock, “The refugee definition as law: Issues of interpretation”, in Refugee Rights and Realities: Evolving International Concepts and Regime, F.
  Hathway, The Law of Refugee Status, Toronto, Butterworth, 1991, pp. ويذهب أحد التفسيرات الأوسع نطاقا إلى القول إنه في الحالات التي يهرب فيها عدة لاجئين من نزاعات داخلية أو قلاقل أهلية، لا يلزم اشتراط إثبات الاضطهاد، وأن قرينة الاضطهاد كافية لسريان اتفاقية 1951 على طالبي مركز اللاجئ (انظر: D. J. Steinbock, « The refugee definition as law : Issues of interpretation », in Refugee Rights and Realities, Evolving International Concepts and Regime, F. Nicholson et P. Twomey (dir.